tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57968149115648838932024-03-05T16:52:38.203-08:00歷史背包客的筆記本閱讀、看戲、參觀博物館與探訪古蹟。
用想像力穿越時空去旅行。用照片說故事。
(在互聯網的山壁上,鑿刻琢磨一個讓自己安靜歡喜的小佛龕。)歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.comBlogger1942125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-68964440520975065672020-12-12T19:41:00.002-08:002020-12-12T19:41:59.504-08:00哈桑盧-帝國的傷痕<p> 哈桑盧(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teppe_Hasanlu" target="_blank">Teppe Hasanlu</a>)位於伊朗西北,<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%B9%96" target="_blank">爾米亞湖</a>南邊的一個古城遺址,這個城市在<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0" target="_blank">亞述帝國</a>興盛的時期,是亞述與<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%96" target="_blank">烏拉爾圖</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu" target="_blank">Urartu</a>)王國接壤的一個工藝發達的城鎮。在公元前800年左右,這座城市因為帝國的戰火摧殘,一夕之間被毀掉了。但是在考古遺址中可以發現許多當時的遺跡。</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs2xxbqbNx3wUAyobbiL06PhFuCAODetSe-FxDTYbxsPZ7-Q6xw_4vCp65qx4DYIMR35XyOTJljhiB45iEvP55qqDOdPXcQkUS-pQIFujfhQm3ULm5kxxLYyp0zEtmvleLEnDPHZ7JsMcn/s853/DSC_0947+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="836" data-original-width="853" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs2xxbqbNx3wUAyobbiL06PhFuCAODetSe-FxDTYbxsPZ7-Q6xw_4vCp65qx4DYIMR35XyOTJljhiB45iEvP55qqDOdPXcQkUS-pQIFujfhQm3ULm5kxxLYyp0zEtmvleLEnDPHZ7JsMcn/w320-h314/DSC_0947+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" title="哈桑盧的位置" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">哈桑盧的位置</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>賓州大學與大都會博物館的考古學家於1956年至1977年間在此進行考古挖掘行動,主持這個計畫的是<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Dyson" target="_blank">小羅伯特·H·戴森</a>博士。有兩項發掘結果是特別引人注目的:一件是<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_bowl_of_Hasanlu" target="_blank">哈桑盧金碗</a>目前收藏於<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" target="_blank">伊朗國家博物館</a>中;另外一個引人注目的考古發現是<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanlu_Lovers" target="_blank">哈桑盧愛侶</a>,在考古挖掘發現到這一對情侶的骨骸時,他們相互依偎著吻著,時間被凍結在這一刻。</p><p>哈桑盧現在是聯合國教科文組織所設定的世界文化遺產,接下來就看一下賓州大學考古與人類學博物館放了哪一些當時發掘的文物。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0SjR7cw1gsKwmkC_Z4ry7Yt9U4GLKVKCdr3BTecLS4oDcvy8uPwbdTufmO5D3MWbbJnXgk6mCOHLNt08X7CKPJUcHc-iJTtdm87NZvaBSB987crWyGoSRfaOzLzjXs98zLMN72x587V8H/s1024/DSC_0941+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="875" data-original-width="1024" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0SjR7cw1gsKwmkC_Z4ry7Yt9U4GLKVKCdr3BTecLS4oDcvy8uPwbdTufmO5D3MWbbJnXgk6mCOHLNt08X7CKPJUcHc-iJTtdm87NZvaBSB987crWyGoSRfaOzLzjXs98zLMN72x587V8H/w400-h341/DSC_0941+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOER87RFkcSlCWN_8Nfb5PSDsUjv0wNchwGPmRetQiB7hilk-lv_xrc8QTHN4jJwhS16DXPQO0wFnP6NHbQOo4TW7bsSwGlI61TVfHgNLHYvksd9b7lXGmdQdB4v8PR6vWFK6S03g5Umk6/s1024/DSC_0941+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="894" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOER87RFkcSlCWN_8Nfb5PSDsUjv0wNchwGPmRetQiB7hilk-lv_xrc8QTHN4jJwhS16DXPQO0wFnP6NHbQOo4TW7bsSwGlI61TVfHgNLHYvksd9b7lXGmdQdB4v8PR6vWFK6S03g5Umk6/w349-h400/DSC_0941+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" width="349" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjYSpNdGAn3hd2FfxZNjL_tzoyj0hF9eAX871Nye9fJfuvMA1wgw61gJMjMbM_AsvWsupXXpZusJZ9AkfxYuQI_lhrsFhmxuCk9rB1RqDqX5w0CI6tjDe-u88-HYWV_LVIV79o_HYl7gzZ/s1024/DSC_0940+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="385" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjYSpNdGAn3hd2FfxZNjL_tzoyj0hF9eAX871Nye9fJfuvMA1wgw61gJMjMbM_AsvWsupXXpZusJZ9AkfxYuQI_lhrsFhmxuCk9rB1RqDqX5w0CI6tjDe-u88-HYWV_LVIV79o_HYl7gzZ/w150-h400/DSC_0940+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="150" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJElR7d5IjGDiV7ztWM4gOMe6b7dMb0tf8e2nO-QJQt4xcU4uOc8BI8Ic3p20nd71jJlcSd76BfeQWFsIqsrQQhDXvZ27gbeDsnMv068xc7JZvHz_g7WHzzg_fkUvEVGJaZNFjO76HEbrp/s1024/DSC_0940+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="808" data-original-width="1024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJElR7d5IjGDiV7ztWM4gOMe6b7dMb0tf8e2nO-QJQt4xcU4uOc8BI8Ic3p20nd71jJlcSd76BfeQWFsIqsrQQhDXvZ27gbeDsnMv068xc7JZvHz_g7WHzzg_fkUvEVGJaZNFjO76HEbrp/s320/DSC_0940+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8B3cBGB7lNmR_PXBoqYQQD8Big_zQbVIkjAJNJdVnlmD8AhqnMZlhkIYfExNVAT4iTj-P6nWD97fDj2MhO1AL6mhKujPcN2_t6WhEcqj0YxGmgZmeLZu0MduXOswsBbe3_be41uaHaHtj/s1024/DSC_0943.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1024" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8B3cBGB7lNmR_PXBoqYQQD8Big_zQbVIkjAJNJdVnlmD8AhqnMZlhkIYfExNVAT4iTj-P6nWD97fDj2MhO1AL6mhKujPcN2_t6WhEcqj0YxGmgZmeLZu0MduXOswsBbe3_be41uaHaHtj/w400-h225/DSC_0943.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwsWaxq2POCMPfXhg2sJNiYFYHMyyg9MKpN44tGScKQqPuF6WtfiQKFhsDaD7QkCaAoMfbYU2URODbzJZKTkRY4yesTCWvTBGFCPFV05Tt0RJI7N6DbGItRYG1_3x3jnQ3J1tP_YHIEGix/s1024/DSC_0945+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="1024" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwsWaxq2POCMPfXhg2sJNiYFYHMyyg9MKpN44tGScKQqPuF6WtfiQKFhsDaD7QkCaAoMfbYU2URODbzJZKTkRY4yesTCWvTBGFCPFV05Tt0RJI7N6DbGItRYG1_3x3jnQ3J1tP_YHIEGix/w400-h140/DSC_0945+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.賓州大學考古與人類學研究所解說牌</div><div>2.j維基百科</div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-11111499566126631202020-11-30T12:30:00.001-08:002020-11-30T12:30:03.534-08:00一位武士的墓<p>考古學家在烏爾城皇陵的附近還發現了一位武士的墓葬,經檢查應該不是犧牲陪葬的隨員,埋設的年代依專家判定約在皇陵建城後100年。博物館展示了他的陪葬用品。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFaNBxK7Hs2sUI8DHwG2xXRJswd9oT2IyoSqqOix-ISaB6bIrEJK-sng64XN9xOirFkVBsI4XGRENBWc19Pfykin2wOXyhv9Jo6Jw_O1A55YuncIUZgfpkoBsKcoL3zzYLs-Si1O1h5oPg/s1024/DSC_0935.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1024" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFaNBxK7Hs2sUI8DHwG2xXRJswd9oT2IyoSqqOix-ISaB6bIrEJK-sng64XN9xOirFkVBsI4XGRENBWc19Pfykin2wOXyhv9Jo6Jw_O1A55YuncIUZgfpkoBsKcoL3zzYLs-Si1O1h5oPg/w400-h225/DSC_0935.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>這是研究人員試圖描繪出原墓葬的布設。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCmRDpwpZjmLurxtZV7DQjalVlb_Eee2vtKKND0eD7wpfgW6JntBzD22S_b0YirD81WT03RCdWVMXC0eDvJSVOsFbv-ikWlMHc8ORrdxoIrUcdccS73H27TCoVHCjEyp6fG-sut4YwD-LJ/s1024/DSC_0936+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="784" data-original-width="1024" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCmRDpwpZjmLurxtZV7DQjalVlb_Eee2vtKKND0eD7wpfgW6JntBzD22S_b0YirD81WT03RCdWVMXC0eDvJSVOsFbv-ikWlMHc8ORrdxoIrUcdccS73H27TCoVHCjEyp6fG-sut4YwD-LJ/w400-h306/DSC_0936+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>參考資料:賓州大學考古與人類學博物館<br /><p><br /></p></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-9229061246161735292020-11-29T02:17:00.005-08:002020-11-29T13:42:06.716-08:00公牛頭萊雅琴(Lyre)<p>光是看照片中的牛頭,很難想像跟萊爾琴(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre" target="_blank">Lyre</a>)有什麼關係,所以請讀者對照著《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" target="_blank">維基百科.烏爾古城的萊爾琴</a>》對照著看,這個公牛頭是琴身前方的裝飾。這一件公牛的頭也是從烏爾古城皇陵遺址中所發掘的。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxUJOkZUnOFwAnrkkk5PjSp2sz-9LJjxptDsYrlh63aSBNTNwuxX9Ce2VBh-cOKeR-RtSVeKEvvxcufGyDIbRFUK555WlqLbF-o-b221RI1ZUHQZewvU6NM1EIaVRI0Z8kuxWZqMRX_Wi/s1004/DSC_0888+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="548" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxUJOkZUnOFwAnrkkk5PjSp2sz-9LJjxptDsYrlh63aSBNTNwuxX9Ce2VBh-cOKeR-RtSVeKEvvxcufGyDIbRFUK555WlqLbF-o-b221RI1ZUHQZewvU6NM1EIaVRI0Z8kuxWZqMRX_Wi/w219-h400/DSC_0888+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="219" /></a></div>從Youtube的視頻中仍可以搜尋到以這一種<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JU4QRxsZhjg" target="_blank">牛頭萊爾琴所演奏的樂曲</a>。可能是這一件琴的琴身已經腐朽了,博物館方以立柱方式重現這一件琴前方的飾紋。下面這個場景中馬面神演奏著萊爾琴,大熊與貓鼬在一旁伴舞。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeh7RsdsK4aFUnqd3sTdmYOzhmc5woM2ye0l8EoUpjsTdBQxbGu53j5F7rNJAHv24LHV0RKefUCaOll_ThmFIZLamS0wvFV0ua-FDCBKudh9P4kqkw1Ahkd5qPgaa4zsysJqO71yVasjHN/s947/DSC_0891+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="947" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeh7RsdsK4aFUnqd3sTdmYOzhmc5woM2ye0l8EoUpjsTdBQxbGu53j5F7rNJAHv24LHV0RKefUCaOll_ThmFIZLamS0wvFV0ua-FDCBKudh9P4kqkw1Ahkd5qPgaa4zsysJqO71yVasjHN/s320/DSC_0891+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>這一件文物一樣視標示著公元前2450年,應該是博物館專家為烏爾皇陵(PG789)所做的定年。看這一件牛頭的尺寸應該是一件大琴,它被放置在陪葬隨從人員的身旁,這位陪葬人員應該是一位樂師,以萊爾琴的樂聲伴隨墓主進入另一個世界。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoqbqUvR45SSLWoOnI4dKQn6gzaTYGR8Hyz81oWG1HZ0cMUhno0ZqDHemGS7SvGq_T1NKrTEXfeFVYl2KNp69YHk_RmCwESOcXJqgSDz7XJqn6ljH3Dm5WiKfMLacoGg-0p5EO7cMzDAme/s1024/DSC_0889+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="516" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoqbqUvR45SSLWoOnI4dKQn6gzaTYGR8Hyz81oWG1HZ0cMUhno0ZqDHemGS7SvGq_T1NKrTEXfeFVYl2KNp69YHk_RmCwESOcXJqgSDz7XJqn6ljH3Dm5WiKfMLacoGg-0p5EO7cMzDAme/w201-h400/DSC_0889+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="201" /></a></div>這一件牛頭裝飾製作的方式和前面一篇筆記的公羊立像一樣,以木製作琴身,再塗瀝青作為黏著劑,貼上金、銀、同及青金石等珍貴的裝飾物品。<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEwhsIJ5GM0FSY8sl7GrqFGY5K5OtjwjQEuQ7S4bHVCqaV4WnVhCiggNVbXPL_Byo4wRoHbipOYM0FIFMDr73wDvuJt1hdkPewgJuUTI5GZ_U3Wf3Q7wLM-F5SaykcpzLdoKWq3fGnpXZf/s1024/DSC_0890+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="501" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEwhsIJ5GM0FSY8sl7GrqFGY5K5OtjwjQEuQ7S4bHVCqaV4WnVhCiggNVbXPL_Byo4wRoHbipOYM0FIFMDr73wDvuJt1hdkPewgJuUTI5GZ_U3Wf3Q7wLM-F5SaykcpzLdoKWq3fGnpXZf/w196-h400/DSC_0890+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="196" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzlxvVGtKVBRN6WvJxe-nlu8OXJfc-IsXwm2DGfBnrOxTIeuLasxHBnL-z3cnk4KDVCv-UIkhMUJlznblKebGNLtOarRLMUwPLMPEdm1cuo47wYqzSnu6VAja94q-EtM3Dw7LmyexEbHLS/s1024/DSC_0894+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="460" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzlxvVGtKVBRN6WvJxe-nlu8OXJfc-IsXwm2DGfBnrOxTIeuLasxHBnL-z3cnk4KDVCv-UIkhMUJlznblKebGNLtOarRLMUwPLMPEdm1cuo47wYqzSnu6VAja94q-EtM3Dw7LmyexEbHLS/w180-h400/DSC_0894+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="180" /></a></div>在後方牆上可以看到另一個挖掘坑(PG1237)的情景,這應該是一個有隨從人員陪葬的墓,館方標示了幾件萊爾琴在陪葬坑中陳放的位置。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-uqkVzaFwrN8ezsUhtsavvLYr9Lbi-TFoFza-Pbd0J1jvuuPQVzNxbGsoDV2gROFsnYvw5EUD2SL3rn7-FNlDsyHun3b5A61g8z5TCbCj9vqVg2uZrZPhLrRcmJ-Hyk93qA0bruz7yRYV/s1024/DSC_0895+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="964" data-original-width="1024" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-uqkVzaFwrN8ezsUhtsavvLYr9Lbi-TFoFza-Pbd0J1jvuuPQVzNxbGsoDV2gROFsnYvw5EUD2SL3rn7-FNlDsyHun3b5A61g8z5TCbCj9vqVg2uZrZPhLrRcmJ-Hyk93qA0bruz7yRYV/w400-h376/DSC_0895+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>從這些陪葬的人的頭顱、身上可以發現被箭射穿的跡象。下面的照片就是一件比較小的萊爾琴。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-cVH147RcLytMEQx1nyMF0OU0oWVXvPnlpWoEKRBKLnDUvFVt1B-tCXikucBoAoprWkNolOGvI6rdw27kvDc6gjbDf1KOe4gg7LUQzEuYnBRa4lQJrxiqlaVwtrHCk3i25w2WZgJS_gmN/s1024/DSC_0897+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="1024" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-cVH147RcLytMEQx1nyMF0OU0oWVXvPnlpWoEKRBKLnDUvFVt1B-tCXikucBoAoprWkNolOGvI6rdw27kvDc6gjbDf1KOe4gg7LUQzEuYnBRa4lQJrxiqlaVwtrHCk3i25w2WZgJS_gmN/w400-h294/DSC_0897+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>館方在另一面牆上試圖還原當初的景象,這可能是一個宴飲儀式的場景。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01aOdssngrEmU7Ql7NCvtpcNCqFvXU3EvH0sCJx6xnChd6nxkX3Ct9Bxm4D-2cE8ifctjZd9B2oN6y0IX9PLWKaOgCdF5groV0xohmlqDWX2nVKI0I5J41pReHlCSF-XVXE9OEYc9WdTZ/s1024/DSC_0896+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="839" data-original-width="1024" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01aOdssngrEmU7Ql7NCvtpcNCqFvXU3EvH0sCJx6xnChd6nxkX3Ct9Bxm4D-2cE8ifctjZd9B2oN6y0IX9PLWKaOgCdF5groV0xohmlqDWX2nVKI0I5J41pReHlCSF-XVXE9OEYc9WdTZ/w400-h328/DSC_0896+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>這個墓中有67位女性與和6位男性總共73位隨從人員,墓主是一位打扮高貴的的女性,有可能是公主。這些隨從陪葬的人員雖然頭顱被箭射穿,但是身上卻著有貴重的裝飾,經過幾千年的時光,當時的衣裝不復可見,可是伴隨著骨骸的珍貴飾品還是可以看到。<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJI4Fa-X2zllbpxqRky_nurU93JjbkQMifJ_k-4ltn_w12H2BARcFc00HbPs6ZGk0-RmHJI660Van_LTcQ2wnllvhcaOTkEcEdZ6niStzrrZWT9uxXeKfHZ2Hf4RavPomJyjvr0IJD4prp/s1024/DSC_0899+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1024" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJI4Fa-X2zllbpxqRky_nurU93JjbkQMifJ_k-4ltn_w12H2BARcFc00HbPs6ZGk0-RmHJI660Van_LTcQ2wnllvhcaOTkEcEdZ6niStzrrZWT9uxXeKfHZ2Hf4RavPomJyjvr0IJD4prp/w400-h334/DSC_0899+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" title="女性陪葬隨從的骨骸" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">女性陪葬隨從的骨骸</td></tr></tbody></table>經過博物館專家的CT檢測,這位女性的隨從人員死的時候約18-20歲,可能是被人以利器擊頭而亡。<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgidl94eiEOKggL4OjJNZ0C4RGEfCPOz_EzICcJzgeR75CU6aL_Zr9ICqZ2KChtcRo387vnracr_0P3iJuBxRkdmDvQucUcpYmfgIuDLy52TV67DC3O9bW9pEd_h0Ej5T3l_VQAJuDyU_3M/s1024/DSC_0901+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1024" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgidl94eiEOKggL4OjJNZ0C4RGEfCPOz_EzICcJzgeR75CU6aL_Zr9ICqZ2KChtcRo387vnracr_0P3iJuBxRkdmDvQucUcpYmfgIuDLy52TV67DC3O9bW9pEd_h0Ej5T3l_VQAJuDyU_3M/w400-h376/DSC_0901+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">陪葬士兵的骨骸</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>經過博物館專家的CT檢測,這位士兵死的時候約25-30歲,可能是被人從頭後方重擊而亡,當時身著銅合金的盔甲。<br /><div><br /><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</div><div>2.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" target="_blank">維基百科</a><br /><div>3.<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP7-AphqdYk" target="_blank">Youtube,萊爾琴演奏</a></div></div></div></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-3968040979206786722020-11-28T18:45:00.005-08:002020-11-28T18:48:39.388-08:00灌木叢中的公羊<p>這是從<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94" target="_blank">烏爾古城</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur" target="_blank">皇家墓葬</a>考古發掘所發現到的公羊像,原有一對,另外一隻羊被收藏在大英博物館。這隻羊也算是賓州大學考古與人類學博物館中的重要收藏之一。製作的時間約在公元前2450年。公羊裡面的材質是木心的,外面以瀝青作為接著劑塗佈其上,然後用金、銀、銅、青金石及貝殼類的飾片組裝成為一隻公羊趴附在灌木叢上吃葉子的樣子。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qForKCdjjgG1qP9C7pusw5QdiqUBPz_G8l_HyDzqTuJg7EoaslwOSvZc1kXExldGtonXtJeK_FeF-o4zGquW59H1wP_kfkqaObd0C26RrHqELYrnEWD4m3w7NqxWfqbGabIgErQuTFQP/s1024/DSC_0882+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="584" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qForKCdjjgG1qP9C7pusw5QdiqUBPz_G8l_HyDzqTuJg7EoaslwOSvZc1kXExldGtonXtJeK_FeF-o4zGquW59H1wP_kfkqaObd0C26RrHqELYrnEWD4m3w7NqxWfqbGabIgErQuTFQP/w228-h400/DSC_0882+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="228" /></a></div>博物館引用了《聖經.創世紀22:13》的經文,說明這個造像:「亞伯拉罕舉目觀望,看見一隻公綿羊,兩角扣在稠密的小樹叢中;亞伯拉罕就去取了那隻公綿羊,把牠獻為燔祭,代替自己的兒子。」<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz89EPk93hC-5TnFFMIbn7asGxL_xuktDAoLY3mYVt04WXp8mnAUf3hGIltnT7Xu5_sJ0px7tfuXgSY68sRq0yvoOR9_YEuoLs9iDkVA6xoWQDyXFNxjVWO6J_6WUVTFApaFWHenoJbRU6/s1024/DSC_0883+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="742" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz89EPk93hC-5TnFFMIbn7asGxL_xuktDAoLY3mYVt04WXp8mnAUf3hGIltnT7Xu5_sJ0px7tfuXgSY68sRq0yvoOR9_YEuoLs9iDkVA6xoWQDyXFNxjVWO6J_6WUVTFApaFWHenoJbRU6/w290-h400/DSC_0883+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="290" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwwMrt7MkynYOGVMzqGYaq1gU8o3QWuWp9oSp8tJ_xy3ROPBdUmtmPE5Lz6HKQhcFaPrbauRIpKGYNdI7ouuxEB8jAXkPn5EAwC0DMKDO0A4E0zKs9R40RTbtuzEw09jsxus1krr06-037/s1024/DSC_0884+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="882" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwwMrt7MkynYOGVMzqGYaq1gU8o3QWuWp9oSp8tJ_xy3ROPBdUmtmPE5Lz6HKQhcFaPrbauRIpKGYNdI7ouuxEB8jAXkPn5EAwC0DMKDO0A4E0zKs9R40RTbtuzEw09jsxus1krr06-037/w345-h400/DSC_0884+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="345" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJLF62QWz9z32ZU-dbCVmKgPfoLYVCiSX3rketQxHI0SUPRx7RISFm9h9sw8KSpJUz41Tq2bNBsTZ2-Kdq-uG7V6fE4CqsK_7rNxbXw69orqLlYZP7r7zpZlHYjyECxZhYQYHBvNh8qHjS/s1024/DSC_0885+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="941" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJLF62QWz9z32ZU-dbCVmKgPfoLYVCiSX3rketQxHI0SUPRx7RISFm9h9sw8KSpJUz41Tq2bNBsTZ2-Kdq-uG7V6fE4CqsK_7rNxbXw69orqLlYZP7r7zpZlHYjyECxZhYQYHBvNh8qHjS/w368-h400/DSC_0885+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="368" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLU1mKfGxqPzVM88_zNlkvhuz3ey1N4Vre8S4EEi-HbcE9kJRTNzvPj7LYY6e7Bc9kLTcLO3ubUinyPx3ZT5DpgOXWaLRe5HLGB0NlbJ7ZJZxS5PFrgL_cLnwgiLcGc5Rn2oqDFKy7LA75/s1024/DSC_0886+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="742" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLU1mKfGxqPzVM88_zNlkvhuz3ey1N4Vre8S4EEi-HbcE9kJRTNzvPj7LYY6e7Bc9kLTcLO3ubUinyPx3ZT5DpgOXWaLRe5HLGB0NlbJ7ZJZxS5PFrgL_cLnwgiLcGc5Rn2oqDFKy7LA75/w290-h400/DSC_0886+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="290" /></a></div>在公羊的背上可以看到一個柱狀物,上面突立起椎狀的構造,專家研判這是用來撐掛住環狀的線香。<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjydJKsPn4MY5zUiujVWT8P64Mm986i-GG8W2VSC2pQTHoYM8JV01aiLh7cyIRUtuTC0nGeqTdUMugX4GtO3ETy6KtYovhaaYRGORFHddMy1IiIyk7Sb38c-Dib_svJRi3rBlUt0f_LwKNz/s1024/DSC_0887+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="875" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjydJKsPn4MY5zUiujVWT8P64Mm986i-GG8W2VSC2pQTHoYM8JV01aiLh7cyIRUtuTC0nGeqTdUMugX4GtO3ETy6KtYovhaaYRGORFHddMy1IiIyk7Sb38c-Dib_svJRi3rBlUt0f_LwKNz/w341-h400/DSC_0887+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="341" /></a></div>在解說牌上有山羊在吃灌木葉子的照片作為對照。<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZwLPtnEk-PRRS5Vty_1AMeB4-I3nEqw8nxeWmQUEjV_IYQdeY5Ey29Tc7HlkpF2gKAQxdzjaZQt_10YBveJouoXfZgFxCAXBYqvYrMB6SXAemO_hgkX281rRnk15XMiLLVSLP29_EF76p/s994/DSC_0884+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="647" data-original-width="994" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZwLPtnEk-PRRS5Vty_1AMeB4-I3nEqw8nxeWmQUEjV_IYQdeY5Ey29Tc7HlkpF2gKAQxdzjaZQt_10YBveJouoXfZgFxCAXBYqvYrMB6SXAemO_hgkX281rRnk15XMiLLVSLP29_EF76p/s320/DSC_0884+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p>參考資料:</p><p>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</p><p>2.維基百科,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_in_a_Thicket" target="_blank">Ram in a Thicket</a></p><p>3.網路,《聖經》新譯本</p>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-72077770128850725622020-11-14T08:23:00.002-08:002020-11-28T23:22:48.187-08:00普阿比女王(Queen PUABI)的飾物<p>1922年至1934年間在伊拉克的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94" target="_blank">烏爾古城</a>進行大規模的考古挖掘,發現<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" target="_blank">蘇美</a>時期的皇家大墓,其中最引人注目的是<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94" target="_blank">普阿比女王</a>的大墓中的陪葬物品,這些出土的文物被分置於巴格達國家博物館、大英博物館,和賓州大學考古與人類學博物館。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQJyvrf0a2oONjj4Hbg3scGCwyf14mgHQbiZzZ5l-jncimlqy2JjKCDk-Rb-E4LAnx9NsURTsfBTszumvOV9o6snMiYeN2sRlvkWYXkCiwEmwzMJMLB8cPUU5uphd30GzqWuYYKVfiU8e7/s1024/DSC_0865.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="610" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQJyvrf0a2oONjj4Hbg3scGCwyf14mgHQbiZzZ5l-jncimlqy2JjKCDk-Rb-E4LAnx9NsURTsfBTszumvOV9o6snMiYeN2sRlvkWYXkCiwEmwzMJMLB8cPUU5uphd30GzqWuYYKVfiU8e7/w382-h640/DSC_0865.JPG" width="382" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXHbJixscbqN-DMW5MHrh6i-vI1IjzqN3hbjfSLLCG79BELIAMyiaQOXSemC3HOfq3yFo9jgUJhEzMVCZ1vUtVcDdtbg0gKowBvs2OO61AEREUaew6yV7N58cMb3kbBkhRlXPDhJU24Bvz/s1024/DSC_0872.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="608" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXHbJixscbqN-DMW5MHrh6i-vI1IjzqN3hbjfSLLCG79BELIAMyiaQOXSemC3HOfq3yFo9jgUJhEzMVCZ1vUtVcDdtbg0gKowBvs2OO61AEREUaew6yV7N58cMb3kbBkhRlXPDhJU24Bvz/w380-h640/DSC_0872.JPG" width="380" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJafFBm32Nsx059f1y8mQEOqqeOdhdpT3zPykNlTRL8gfqNGnsDYV11kuVmPa5p2FJr9m1SzKnv5Xt1PFPKiMDibBgqbOpxV7_qXP1ojCcXbXdDvYeZYHvXH6jXWgKgFFIwyrCkd4uKi_R/s1024/DSC_0866.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="642" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJafFBm32Nsx059f1y8mQEOqqeOdhdpT3zPykNlTRL8gfqNGnsDYV11kuVmPa5p2FJr9m1SzKnv5Xt1PFPKiMDibBgqbOpxV7_qXP1ojCcXbXdDvYeZYHvXH6jXWgKgFFIwyrCkd4uKi_R/w402-h640/DSC_0866.JPG" width="402" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjULp4GD0EV9X3Kl5ZpIZQxNuX2xTJ9Bzgte2YGSJhAua92dtV2WD50xHTYP3WrFf9LP4BBuhgTyq8enXgQjnz6kjQ6Li4swWgtX-4nNHqtvigg4DlLO-b8UBgAemNF0UMOmbnncQ4IlLD7/s1024/DSC_0869.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="696" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjULp4GD0EV9X3Kl5ZpIZQxNuX2xTJ9Bzgte2YGSJhAua92dtV2WD50xHTYP3WrFf9LP4BBuhgTyq8enXgQjnz6kjQ6Li4swWgtX-4nNHqtvigg4DlLO-b8UBgAemNF0UMOmbnncQ4IlLD7/w436-h640/DSC_0869.JPG" width="436" /></a></div><br /><p>這些飾物的製作年代約在公元前2450年。</p><p>參考資料:</p><p>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</p><p>2.維基百科</p>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-32176100586380710412020-11-02T09:42:00.003-08:002020-11-02T09:42:51.769-08:00安息帝國下的尼普爾<p>大約在公元前150年,<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" target="_blank">尼普爾</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" target="_blank">Nippur</a>)成為<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" target="_blank">安息帝國</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire" target="_blank">Parthian</a>)的一部分。大約在公元65年,安息帝國的<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" target="_blank">Vologases I </a>(沃羅加西斯一世)在原有的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%BD%A2%E7%A5%9E%E5%A1%94" target="_blank">金字形神塔</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat" target="_blank">Ziggurat</a>)之上加蓋了堅實的城堡,用以守望安息帝國西南邊境的狀況,保障交易路途上旅客的安全。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ4DgePgiV5gbM-db5o7rHLXkfotyI8xKRbJDSKqSYLyctCKzUBReZ6qlA8ETrCho98l_Zd7PBPA2hgb0PKDJHrnHMYw4QXK9vAOEhTe83CJnZz9F41OFHeZ6yGALz8XUBMWAcl8iTSXMv/s1024/DSC_1040+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="995" data-original-width="1024" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ4DgePgiV5gbM-db5o7rHLXkfotyI8xKRbJDSKqSYLyctCKzUBReZ6qlA8ETrCho98l_Zd7PBPA2hgb0PKDJHrnHMYw4QXK9vAOEhTe83CJnZz9F41OFHeZ6yGALz8XUBMWAcl8iTSXMv/w400-h389/DSC_1040+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdrHOqP_cFX6tIcZMsRo1V6usH9_iraLXXSygfEh46KfNJsEORVRzik5VkDBJ6D66g-89FbEIpoeiDmM4VIIRj_wbz4wqe720tgy0zEobOQGHdDTc8DHI5VE03jtPFRbOR1xb9iB66r05P/s1024/DSC_1041+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="1024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdrHOqP_cFX6tIcZMsRo1V6usH9_iraLXXSygfEh46KfNJsEORVRzik5VkDBJ6D66g-89FbEIpoeiDmM4VIIRj_wbz4wqe720tgy0zEobOQGHdDTc8DHI5VE03jtPFRbOR1xb9iB66r05P/s320/DSC_1041+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpmwae81l1XCp_ElFuX_CW6boarfupdKAfgjESXkyBmDoT-OZyd9VikxrohoXX-G6PXE4uQz2KKT5irBxMMC1x7kYpXQI3YxvDX7gLmtnxPAGbMaH7H4whjy6E4_dyvJ5ymE4z-dW4fPE0/s1530/DSC_1041+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25283%2529.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="938" data-original-width="1530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpmwae81l1XCp_ElFuX_CW6boarfupdKAfgjESXkyBmDoT-OZyd9VikxrohoXX-G6PXE4uQz2KKT5irBxMMC1x7kYpXQI3YxvDX7gLmtnxPAGbMaH7H4whjy6E4_dyvJ5ymE4z-dW4fPE0/s320/DSC_1041+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25283%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
大約在公元225年,<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" target="_blank">薩珊王朝</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" target="_blank">Sasanian Empire</a>)佔領了尼普爾,重建並延伸這個區域的灌溉系統,成為美索布達米亞地區的糧倉,也扮演傳播信仰、語言文化...的商業貿易城市。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCsiDYAmFbLHE55nQVoa0QHljzGZYi_sg28dvOblqXwrqJMXJqweQdeDIa_zWDrin810KZgWzxsHiR9q567CedO9PDYVbR1Ndmg7q3W-tDpMrU1JYD1bbPzBfjDGix4dL2KbkOwhx60aTD/s1024/DSC_1041+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="881" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCsiDYAmFbLHE55nQVoa0QHljzGZYi_sg28dvOblqXwrqJMXJqweQdeDIa_zWDrin810KZgWzxsHiR9q567CedO9PDYVbR1Ndmg7q3W-tDpMrU1JYD1bbPzBfjDGix4dL2KbkOwhx60aTD/w344-h400/DSC_1041+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="344" /></a></div><br /><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</div><div>2,維基百科</div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-28526081058815465232020-11-01T07:26:00.003-08:002020-11-02T09:49:00.907-08:00有咒語(Incantation)的碗<p>這些在碗內繪有咒語的碗的作用是保護居家平安的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%AD%E5%8B%9D%E7%89%A9" target="_blank">厭勝之物</a>,有點像石敢當、風獅爺般的作用。它們會被覆蓋著,置放在居家入口道路周遭,當時的住民相信可以壓制住邪惡的靈,保護居家的人們。咒語以<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%AA%9E" target="_blank">亞蘭語</a>(亞拉姆語)寫成,這是一種民間信仰,所以當時的猶太教徒、基督教徒、<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E9%81%94%E5%AE%89%E6%95%99" target="_blank">曼達安教徒</a>以及<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism" target="_blank">摩尼教徒</a>都會使用。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuFZkcgjwMfWiLm-taHmJL_fOAx1w-KQORF-TUR07kSMB-xaolMAAhq1q6P3bP_HzHWNLh7RrLJX88Gjf81ZFK7T_mIwYba0PJiDTOUJjOo8W3jQiTK0kqZzD6Dzpur1kRdeh28PCR9Brx/s1024/DSC_1039+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="773" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuFZkcgjwMfWiLm-taHmJL_fOAx1w-KQORF-TUR07kSMB-xaolMAAhq1q6P3bP_HzHWNLh7RrLJX88Gjf81ZFK7T_mIwYba0PJiDTOUJjOo8W3jQiTK0kqZzD6Dzpur1kRdeh28PCR9Brx/w303-h400/DSC_1039+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="303" /></a></div>這些碗製作於公元400-800年間,出土於伊拉克的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" target="_blank">尼普爾</a>。這些碗被使用在美索布達米亞平原,又被稱為魔碗,傳說有能力震攝惡魔、壓制<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E7%9C%BC" target="_blank">邪惡之眼</a>、驅走瘟疫,保護居民免受邪靈迫害。這些碗以覆蓋的方式置放在居室的四周、庭院。從照片中可以看到在碗內的周圍寫滿咒語,中間有象徵厭勝的圖案,這些多以亞蘭語或希伯來語書寫,更多的以類似文字(Pseudo-scripts)的畫符書寫。書寫的內容稱呼天使之名、巴比倫神祇名號、<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" target="_blank">拉比</a>之名、<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%A8%81" target="_blank">雅威</a>與耶穌聖號。藉由書寫聖經內容以令狀方式呼稱聖名驅趕邪靈,保護人民。<div><br /></div><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</div><div>2.維基百科</div><div>3.Perry Stone,YouTube視頻《<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUewoi1aBqw&t=62s" target="_blank">Ancient Incantation bowl</a>》</div><div><br /><div><div><p><br /></p></div></div></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-73862887864605435902020-10-31T01:20:00.004-07:002020-11-01T07:26:47.049-08:00楔型文字的分類帳泥板<p>文字書寫系統的發明對於人類社會組織影響非常重大。首先應用於記錄貨物搬運交易以及神廟勞務運用的監管。很快地,在美索不達米亞地區,書寫系統的應用延伸到歷史事件的紀錄,神諭(<i>應該是指著巫筮的結果</i>),文學作品,爭訟過程以及私人交流通訊。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPcyWxw8mUgmSVto4tXIQ-pNWW2IYKZN3Az_-ErQZ88dfvaPsBvfUzNgMG-YJW_q6UqNCoA156cwTf7R26YeAevR_bSCtGvF_wqDf7FjANy2HHc1tKq-NveHV1h0NQ59EEJWk6TbvFgbEs/s1024/DSC_0795+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="1024" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPcyWxw8mUgmSVto4tXIQ-pNWW2IYKZN3Az_-ErQZ88dfvaPsBvfUzNgMG-YJW_q6UqNCoA156cwTf7R26YeAevR_bSCtGvF_wqDf7FjANy2HHc1tKq-NveHV1h0NQ59EEJWk6TbvFgbEs/w400-h321/DSC_0795+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>文字應用與書寫系統的革新也逐漸地擴散到周遭的區域以及聚落。溝通的對象也從一個部落組織內延伸至部落與部落之間的通訊、約定事項。人類社會組織是人類學學者在研究人類群體生活以及後續發展成一個城市過程中重要的主題。<div>這一件楔形文字的分類帳泥板約在公元前1400年,從伊拉克的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" target="_blank">尼普爾</a>出土。<br /><div><br /></div><div>參考資料:賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌<br /><p><br /></p></div></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-91559448892287426892020-10-29T15:58:00.002-07:002020-10-29T15:59:03.743-07:00全球貿易的擴展<p>中東地區位於西方世界與東亞區域交通陸路與海路的主要路線中央。大約在公元前1000年左右,駱駝已經被馴化為人類工作,從展櫃中我們可以看到陶土捏成的駱駝,也可以看到陶壺上有著駱駝的圖案紋飾。駱駝幫助了這個區域的人們向西穿越沙漠抵達大西洋海岸,向東往中國前進。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxBdNlz6L7-oAme9fOJjQBPq86Njeh02H2kGl6vyYH5WCrIDOxCGPsZ4aCTezUGuZiVCCeKdsSqlMpvidKYsTdh5gbVWChJR9NvhR4VwAIvxZlV8e8QqH_6-Z9CIsYz-uXyo_dTZ9F68K2/s1024/DSC_1002+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1024" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxBdNlz6L7-oAme9fOJjQBPq86Njeh02H2kGl6vyYH5WCrIDOxCGPsZ4aCTezUGuZiVCCeKdsSqlMpvidKYsTdh5gbVWChJR9NvhR4VwAIvxZlV8e8QqH_6-Z9CIsYz-uXyo_dTZ9F68K2/w400-h225/DSC_1002+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>受惠於季風的影響以及海上航行技術的累積,這個區域的人們也利用海上船隻往非洲東岸、印度與中國進行貿易活動。到了公元15世紀末,隨著全球大航海時代的來臨,海路已成為貿易活動住要的路線。而陸路貿易的重要性也隨之遞減了。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxVYXEjBaeHMU3TphrB31w-P25snakZGI1HUZPQg_Jg1PpYBkd5JHmzgwyKRLsz9UHf_5SkenD2Ds-GnU7ZGinH2rBX63vJzXHOK9vKSIZAh0wBWBorePxzFoq1BoiVeqAUBCSr3LfyHdm/s1024/DSC_1001+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1024" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxVYXEjBaeHMU3TphrB31w-P25snakZGI1HUZPQg_Jg1PpYBkd5JHmzgwyKRLsz9UHf_5SkenD2Ds-GnU7ZGinH2rBX63vJzXHOK9vKSIZAh0wBWBorePxzFoq1BoiVeqAUBCSr3LfyHdm/w400-h225/DSC_1001+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhajVQu6wNeinB_qkumdic4JgBXbTU-v0Z2KB_utM9a48NtwgXXUj4Hin62tB6QFkPeVAV9DTjANVfQZeethdRsN_ZE5Tj092KvgTe_T-b450fvEDWunraAWHEm83hFazRrl4JOxtGYok6y/s1024/DSC_1007+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1024" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhajVQu6wNeinB_qkumdic4JgBXbTU-v0Z2KB_utM9a48NtwgXXUj4Hin62tB6QFkPeVAV9DTjANVfQZeethdRsN_ZE5Tj092KvgTe_T-b450fvEDWunraAWHEm83hFazRrl4JOxtGYok6y/w400-h225/DSC_1007+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>參考資料:賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-81873980420141176162020-10-27T15:05:00.002-07:002020-11-29T13:32:32.134-08:00石材拼貼壁飾板<p>這是在15世紀至16世紀,原始地點可能是埃及開羅。博物館從很多來源蒐羅文物,有些文物的源頭也是靠研判推測。我查了《維基百科》,這個時期的開羅是在<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" target="_blank">鄂圖曼帝國(奧斯曼帝國)</a>的控制之下。這一件版飾的材質包括:大理石、玄武岩、花崗岩、蛇紋石等。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOYyQlRzr-C9Rq0_GSunBoZJHy1JCIKFlTIuiZAFFCdvo9CmQzZZrTRTb2XOfFCoEM3O3CMMOFMeaO7rt_juIKtuA0kvT-P6SVsLUiZVYs0b_ElqlEZ60_xSICZggiwoS2kCIQutL5XWMZ/s1024/DSC_1037+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1024" height="369" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOYyQlRzr-C9Rq0_GSunBoZJHy1JCIKFlTIuiZAFFCdvo9CmQzZZrTRTb2XOfFCoEM3O3CMMOFMeaO7rt_juIKtuA0kvT-P6SVsLUiZVYs0b_ElqlEZ60_xSICZggiwoS2kCIQutL5XWMZ/w400-h369/DSC_1037+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>看似單純幾何馬賽克拼貼的飾版,內容是一段阿拉伯文,博物館專家將其翻譯成英文:"There is no god but God and Muhammad is His messenger. God bless him."<div>第一次讀這段文字的時候有一點迷惑,後來注意到第一個god的第一個字母是小寫,可能是指世間所崇拜除了真主以外一切其他的神祇。也可能是指的是空與實的二相性。我曾經想過無神論的佛教一切依因果業力循環輪迴,而業力運轉用"形而上的認知"即是一神論的LORD,二者並不相悖。所以自淨其意,敬神畏天即往正途上前進。</div><div><br /></div><div>參考資料:賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌<br /><p><br /></p></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-59731533465873155532020-10-24T22:59:00.001-07:002020-10-24T22:59:23.488-07:00對於藍白器皿的狂熱<p>從公元9世紀,中亞的陶工發展出在陶器上塗布釉料的技術以來,白底藍花色的器物就一直持續受到熱烈地喜愛。所以當中國的貿易青花瓷進口到了這一個地區時,就更引起貴族得狂熱愛好。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD8-86pUpCN80pDeJZwDZKbjB9_jwPmaCMovRCK4jVgf0KfDwX7PNzaMwdh-klF-KBS-hmxpYczD9hEY4NNRpxlRLrg765MVF7LY5RJe4IqNbiTo4WkF8y173WtAr2N7rjNNGWzDjxn_Lx/s1024/DSC_1016.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="542" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD8-86pUpCN80pDeJZwDZKbjB9_jwPmaCMovRCK4jVgf0KfDwX7PNzaMwdh-klF-KBS-hmxpYczD9hEY4NNRpxlRLrg765MVF7LY5RJe4IqNbiTo4WkF8y173WtAr2N7rjNNGWzDjxn_Lx/w338-h640/DSC_1016.JPG" width="338" /></a></div>博物館特別將一件公元17世紀中時期的產品和一件出產自江西景德鎮在公元16-18世紀間的青花瓷放在一起。不用看解說牌說明,相信讀者已經看到了高嶺土潔白的胎體以及鈷藍釉色的鮮豔度,以及繪工的技藝,兩者高下立判。<div>上方會有鹿和花卉植物的盤子,可能是出產自伊斯法罕或是<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BB%80%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" target="_blank">馬什哈德</a>。當時薩法維王朝在<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%8B%92" target="_blank">阿爾達比勒</a>的宮殿就大量收藏了從大明帝國進口的青花瓷器。而在卡尚、馬什哈德和伊斯法罕的陶藝工匠也開始流行模仿明青花瓷樣式的風尚。</div><div><br /></div><div>參考資料:賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</div><div><p><br /></p></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-77140458434013089502020-10-23T19:44:00.006-07:002020-10-25T00:32:10.725-07:00有新月圖形的星型磚<p>這是在伊朗<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E4%BC%8A_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97)" target="_blank">雷伊</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray,_Iran" target="_blank">Rayy</a>)出土製作於約公元12世紀中葉至13世紀初的壁磚。讓人好期的是,之前看過的八芒星型磚,在磚的中心有動物紋樣的主題,我回去翻<a href="https://hsiangming.blogspot.com/2020/09/blog-post_21.html" target="_blank">之前筆記的文物</a>對照一下年代,是伊兒汗國時代的產品,照博物館專家的推斷時間,這一件磚是蒙古大軍進入雷伊地區前的製品。看到星及月牙,我們以現在的認知很容易連結到伊斯蘭,但是我再查閱一下<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E6%9C%88" target="_blank">《維基百科.星月》</a>條目,在鄂圖曼土耳其人崛起之前,伊斯蘭建築物上很少見到新月的符號,而現在在土耳其影響範圍之外的伊斯蘭國家也很少見到。新月符號的應用似乎與鄂圖曼帝國擴張時期有關。有些伊斯蘭學者也不願意用新月當作伊斯蘭的代表符號。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnpOK01ejpGrsARlC2v6kCczi-beByPLVfWWlYn1g5CGdklswaGPQjSoU5BSFf3MVEXASzxuNQd0pIKUKVa60wy3l5o7ifoMZHKnvVMXT8CsDh59RAn-HAtZ4Ot5g_9LfadHgIRzoYPwrl/s931/DSC_1034+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="931" data-original-width="904" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnpOK01ejpGrsARlC2v6kCczi-beByPLVfWWlYn1g5CGdklswaGPQjSoU5BSFf3MVEXASzxuNQd0pIKUKVa60wy3l5o7ifoMZHKnvVMXT8CsDh59RAn-HAtZ4Ot5g_9LfadHgIRzoYPwrl/w389-h400/DSC_1034+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="389" /></a></div><p>照這樣時間的判斷,這壁磚應是雷伊在賽爾柱帝國統治時期的產品,雷伊曾經是賽爾柱帝國的首都,當時可能有很多豪華巍峨的建築,後來才遷都往伊斯法罕。看到磚上的紋樣,會讓人想起智力測驗上的題目,這紋樣是否還有什麼特殊的意義,後續讀到相關的資料,再補充到筆記裡。</p><p>參考資料:</p><p>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</p><p>2.<a href="https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/232689" target="_blank">賓州大學考古與人類學博物館網頁</a></p><p>3.維基百科</p>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-41837933302705162332020-10-23T15:32:00.004-07:002020-10-23T17:25:48.102-07:00薩法維王朝時期的三件紅釉器皿<p> 看到薩法維王朝在17世紀的這3件器皿,讓我想到了明代的釉裡紅瓷。在記錄<a href="https://hsiangming.blogspot.com/2019/09/blog-post_42.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">弗利爾賽克勒美術館收藏的一件高麗瓷瓶</a>的時候知道:控制窯的溫度對於燒製塗上紅色釉料的器物非常重要,燒製陶器與燒製瓷器所需的溫度有別,對波斯陶藝匠而言,或許門檻沒有那麼高,但是能燒製出這麼精緻的很像釉裡紅的器皿而言,已經相當不容易了。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6_suaZOXDy3cadOjzOuaa4HDJZeacsxGnlUk5d8G_2HoVwrGxd-QgmXqwp2CEuQEu5fPQrQLSIDgSS9QFLu0utYVWzNQXDRkfQB8stfrZudsvHEaWbi4EVir0kuMFqrUDPnFd3iXGOWs-/s1024/DSC_1029+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="1024" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6_suaZOXDy3cadOjzOuaa4HDJZeacsxGnlUk5d8G_2HoVwrGxd-QgmXqwp2CEuQEu5fPQrQLSIDgSS9QFLu0utYVWzNQXDRkfQB8stfrZudsvHEaWbi4EVir0kuMFqrUDPnFd3iXGOWs-/w400-h168/DSC_1029+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhErOinK2NsrD_uzIcfwA69_k19hfPUkEzkXHCpIP2YuyTgdBJ8ycf18yHwrW96FAqsPswVPVfS6EY3V4b6SfzKXEARP53vynYsomL8xYj9PupzwLkyJG1h5S5dqsSXqNbMfapc4WYHYe6-/s1024/DSC_1032+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="858" data-original-width="1024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhErOinK2NsrD_uzIcfwA69_k19hfPUkEzkXHCpIP2YuyTgdBJ8ycf18yHwrW96FAqsPswVPVfS6EY3V4b6SfzKXEARP53vynYsomL8xYj9PupzwLkyJG1h5S5dqsSXqNbMfapc4WYHYe6-/s320/DSC_1032+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhROovwyJWZGOSjQHZS0y_Y1bwYMwbK2d-oWvxvt4iUMbQVgnihK1Xd0mo6tqITK3cWBOOsunD3WN1GF-4lF0uXVauA8ZXkzIaewAv2qDNQ1QO4245j-lnaN_ryNKwuPfX3tf5ejGr9av-E/s1020/DSC_1032+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="880" data-original-width="1020" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhROovwyJWZGOSjQHZS0y_Y1bwYMwbK2d-oWvxvt4iUMbQVgnihK1Xd0mo6tqITK3cWBOOsunD3WN1GF-4lF0uXVauA8ZXkzIaewAv2qDNQ1QO4245j-lnaN_ryNKwuPfX3tf5ejGr9av-E/s320/DSC_1032+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">球莖狀折沿口壺</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht7gw5NtyKUAvvap4nYGqGWn7Scr5uPrDJ1y6dxGbgWYJSSFJhflPD6v2Wz9-ntLuybtqwtTLkQHGaXqgpiWHphjCU4X69NhKdfNvqivYeisxT38bdzea7KxTQX40Sg00ZYF0u-ivBtN9S/s1024/DSC_1033+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="935" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht7gw5NtyKUAvvap4nYGqGWn7Scr5uPrDJ1y6dxGbgWYJSSFJhflPD6v2Wz9-ntLuybtqwtTLkQHGaXqgpiWHphjCU4X69NhKdfNvqivYeisxT38bdzea7KxTQX40Sg00ZYF0u-ivBtN9S/w365-h400/DSC_1033+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="365" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">花叢裡的鹿</td></tr></tbody></table>參考資料:<div>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</div><div>2.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館網頁</div><div>(1)<a href="https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/86601" target="_blank">PLATE_NEP112</a></div><div>(2)<a href="https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/194411" target="_blank">VASE_NEP115</a></div><div>(3)<a href="https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/5852" target="_blank">PLATE_NEP114</a></div><div>3.維基百科</div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-8109103957628766402020-10-21T14:52:00.004-07:002020-10-23T14:47:05.961-07:00飲食中的夫婦圖像的大盤子<p>這個盤子是卡尚地區公元13世紀時期的產品,這個大盤子就那個時期而言,達成了令人印象深刻的陶藝成就。因為於黏土加入石英材質的<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritware" target="_blank">stonepaste</a>,它的彈性較單純的陶土為差,所以難以延展,所以做成這樣尺度(高11公分,外徑49.53公分)的大盤子並不容易。卡尚的陶藝作坊當時已經發展出了二次燒的工序,先以高溫燒好胎體再以低溫燒製固定帶有色彩的釉料。博物館的專家推測當時著名的陶藝師阿布.載德(Abu Zayd 參考《大英博物館裡的伊斯蘭史》的中譯)有參與這一件大盤子裝飾的工作。在中心夫婦圖案的周圍,有銘記日期,換算為公元年是1211年。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2KkjZzjDIF6bRl3nIaw7wdYGkpbKg23S17Vu6WkkQRYQR65k7KzwLiP2yDD63Nka6VNng7ABRFauHxNBpuw7R51XjYw6WjkmzKGOfhhpNWBIhRJ37jSRbHK72i0sB4BjmY6rKlGwuunVh/s1024/DSC_1031+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="917" data-original-width="1024" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2KkjZzjDIF6bRl3nIaw7wdYGkpbKg23S17Vu6WkkQRYQR65k7KzwLiP2yDD63Nka6VNng7ABRFauHxNBpuw7R51XjYw6WjkmzKGOfhhpNWBIhRJ37jSRbHK72i0sB4BjmY6rKlGwuunVh/w400-h359/DSC_1031+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>博物館特別把中央夫婦的圖樣放大,印在牆面上。當時它們正在享用<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%93%E9%A5%AD" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">手抓飯</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Polau</a>博物館解說牌的拼法和《維基百科》不一樣)。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWZ7K4lJEUkprfDLXhNuZUltmaSNDofYO9_Gxom2WPTjB6ez5hQ0rlbNYvifDKXw4sPOlOsZ3TLAa5GuKdmw3tFO7WnUS4EXYLqaLunnjKS1tSS4OZGF0yXRGYMPf40fsfoTAkzscF76Gw/s1024/DSC_1031+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="968" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWZ7K4lJEUkprfDLXhNuZUltmaSNDofYO9_Gxom2WPTjB6ez5hQ0rlbNYvifDKXw4sPOlOsZ3TLAa5GuKdmw3tFO7WnUS4EXYLqaLunnjKS1tSS4OZGF0yXRGYMPf40fsfoTAkzscF76Gw/w378-h400/DSC_1031+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD+%25282%2529.JPG" width="378" /></a></div>在夫婦的周邊及外圈的紋飾,根據博物館的說明是鳥紋(<i>看不太出來</i>)<div><br /></div><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</div><div>2.<a href="https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/185989" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">賓州大學考古與人類學博物館網頁</a></div><div>3.拉丹.阿卡巴尼亞著,苑默文譯,《大英博物館裡的伊斯蘭史》,聯經出版社(2020)<a href="https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/185989" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><br /></a><div><br /></div><div><p><br /></p></div></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-83053616786695259662020-10-20T12:32:00.001-07:002020-10-20T12:32:38.529-07:00狐狸與花瓣紋飾的盤子<p>這一件盤子製作的時間約在公元1200-1299年,屬於<a href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Sultanabad-ware" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">蘇丹納巴德器</a>。盤面中央有一朵花,再被分為6個區塊,中間的主題花紋不太容易被辨識出來。即使是博物館的專家標示為狐狸,還是打了個問號。把照片放大看,可以看出疑似狐狸的動物紋飾,在狐狸周邊滿布花瓣紋飾。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2wZZk8n63DUCCV1DD_V4y74Sp2nEbYo1YMGavdAs_eEowWZkDEQzavoPb2WxSgxkEKdzAtLSOtiLlthixfWzHfmk1ysHRvPKNcQVVaP3yqViq2CpL3DJUff53Quqj9ByL0k-XNEPSFflF/s1024/DSC_1033+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1002" data-original-width="1024" height="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2wZZk8n63DUCCV1DD_V4y74Sp2nEbYo1YMGavdAs_eEowWZkDEQzavoPb2WxSgxkEKdzAtLSOtiLlthixfWzHfmk1ysHRvPKNcQVVaP3yqViq2CpL3DJUff53Quqj9ByL0k-XNEPSFflF/w400-h391/DSC_1033+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>在盤身內外都塗佈透明釉料。<div><br /></div><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</div><div>2.<a href="https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/266909" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">賓州大學考古與人類學博物館網頁</a></div><div>3.大英百科</div><div><br /><p><br /></p></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-76075543379061562792020-10-18T06:55:00.001-07:002020-10-23T14:40:26.222-07:00藍釉六芒星紋碗<p>這一件碗出土於伊朗的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%A7%86%E7%94%98" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">達姆甘</a>,專家研判是卡尚於14世紀中葉的產品。這一件陶碗有受到中國進口的瓷器影響,採用藍釉於碗內繪製六芒星,於碗外側繪製葉片。不過有像鱗片的樣子,我猜想是不是在呈現松果的樣子。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzc33KhFHx_PW49VamGQlJZ94kSfsUUKxt2oV6PWBiat-foLUgGTUeOHpof1w2GLy2oLtgh-K90_YS3Aymos9j6slZSw348xqcHIv0zdtAoM2ysrfFooBrQygs35C2pUrSFVzmZT3MY_Y-/s1024/DSC_1034+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="995" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzc33KhFHx_PW49VamGQlJZ94kSfsUUKxt2oV6PWBiat-foLUgGTUeOHpof1w2GLy2oLtgh-K90_YS3Aymos9j6slZSw348xqcHIv0zdtAoM2ysrfFooBrQygs35C2pUrSFVzmZT3MY_Y-/s320/DSC_1034+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" /></a></div>我拍的照片只有從碗的上方看過去的角度,從博物館的網頁可以看到碗身外壁。還有直形的圈足,我想這也是專家認為這個碗深受中國進口瓷碗影響的元素之一。<div><br /></div><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</div><div>2.<a href="https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/147290" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">賓州大學考古與人類學博物館網頁</a></div><div>3.維基百科</div><div><p><br /></p></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-45823400785445535472020-10-18T02:21:00.002-07:002020-10-18T02:21:26.289-07:00綠松石釉下彩繪花葉紋碗<p>這一件碗生產於公元1100-1299 年間的雷伊地區。內部以黑釉料繪製刻版花 葉紋樣圖形,再於碗身內外塗布透明的綠松石色澤釉料保護。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQuZGdWqADUn5X6lx_bcN4AHL0RQ58R5n7ODAsF7z5ZKsHQOoGEwTzv-laaqPsImgkETIV2fbD-q4WEBRETKTYd5HjJJEn1uzv4TsIHzHg3G70Q7nZ1u5tNcSzga9kdDew7qHkoSqWroL/s1024/DSC_1034+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="954" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQuZGdWqADUn5X6lx_bcN4AHL0RQ58R5n7ODAsF7z5ZKsHQOoGEwTzv-laaqPsImgkETIV2fbD-q4WEBRETKTYd5HjJJEn1uzv4TsIHzHg3G70Q7nZ1u5tNcSzga9kdDew7qHkoSqWroL/w373-h400/DSC_1034+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="373" /></a></div>參考資料:<div>1.<a href="https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/318939" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">賓州大學考古與人類學博物館網頁</a></div><div><p><br /></p></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-72888204898641456692020-10-17T21:18:00.008-07:002020-10-18T15:32:32.764-07:00梨形花瓶<p>最近從臉書博客來的廣告中看到書商推薦的一本聯經出版的《大英博物館裡的伊斯蘭史》,這應該是《大英博物館裡的中國史》的姊妹作。因為和最近我在整理亞洲藝術博物館、弗利爾-賽克勒美術館以及賓州大學考古與人類學博物館的文物有關,所以毫不遲疑就下訂了。我想若不是最近一篇篇整理文物的介紹,慢慢了解,一下子就翻到這本書可能會讀得很吃力。但是找到相關聯的文物對照看,互為補充,果然趣意盎然。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiYpM76hf3o5xnNro35-iwB27t29IdhaIZmb-B31GLSUNb85u-y95XSGH8eOSsa3UvCDB6TbIaCnc00AeUa88zarZE1jSe10uETdAiYBLlwJEImEZI0fjKwJsch90Xx94SUZ6ilHO31qDb/s790/DSC_1027+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="630" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiYpM76hf3o5xnNro35-iwB27t29IdhaIZmb-B31GLSUNb85u-y95XSGH8eOSsa3UvCDB6TbIaCnc00AeUa88zarZE1jSe10uETdAiYBLlwJEImEZI0fjKwJsch90Xx94SUZ6ilHO31qDb/w255-h320/DSC_1027+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="255" /></a></div>博物館的解說牌說明:卡尚約於公元1150左右成為陶器生產的重鎮,在往後的500年間,工藝技術逐漸累積精進,大師輩出。許多知名的繪師藝匠會在他們自己的作品上署名。雖然對我們東方的觀眾讀者,這些名字可能很陌生,但是我還是在筆記中記錄一下。解說牌提到一位名為Abu'l Qasim 'Abdallah al-Kashani的大師,我用《維基百科》找不到這位大師的資料,於是翻開了《大英博物館裡的伊斯蘭史》在第3章第10節(p.102)介紹到了這位大師,中譯為:阿布.卡希姆,他出生陶工世家,細細整理了製作陶器的工序,配方,以及各種陶器製作的指引,彙集成冊,<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300488?seq=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">這份文件</a>後來在14世紀到16世紀間,被翻印很多次。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ_I4xumeJ8-zuZWunv9c8SZkjR041cVjVYDepx39h8y6b3QsOfB2LZpYAThg8fidZsTe77j5V2T6XfXWyA7bKZr_Bjkus9XvAvW_aJYsRMD6z8LNniGCO-T16fUatoAvuGM62Ls3a6pvd/s1167/DSC_1034+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1167" data-original-width="1158" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ_I4xumeJ8-zuZWunv9c8SZkjR041cVjVYDepx39h8y6b3QsOfB2LZpYAThg8fidZsTe77j5V2T6XfXWyA7bKZr_Bjkus9XvAvW_aJYsRMD6z8LNniGCO-T16fUatoAvuGM62Ls3a6pvd/s320/DSC_1034+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" /></a></div>上面這一件花瓶是賓州大學考古與人類學博物館所展示的12世紀到13世紀間生產的花瓶。解說牌標示的出產地點是卡尚,但是博物館網頁所標示的出產地點是<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E4%BC%8A_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">雷伊</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray,_Iran" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rayy</a>),這個梨形的瓶子以波斯玫瑰紅的顏料於瓶身四面繪製四位女性,她們臉型圓潤,頭部後方有圓光,根據波斯的詩歌,這樣的造型是最美麗理想的模樣。在女性人像間有四支類似小瓶插的柱狀。在圖樣上面還是塗佈有金屬釉料,使得瓶身具有光澤。瓶頸處裝飾方格紋,口沿外折。<br /><div><br /></div><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.賓州大學考古與人類學博物館解說牌</div><div>2.<a href="https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/143315" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">賓州大學考古與人類學博物館網頁</a></div><div>3.拉丹.阿卡巴尼亞著,苑默文譯,《大英博物館裡的伊斯蘭史》,聯經出版社(2020)</div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-53803178936426801982020-10-17T13:07:00.001-07:002020-10-17T13:21:01.115-07:00如陽光般閃耀(Shine Like the Light of the Sun)<p>標題是博物館解說牌對這兩件陶器文物的下標。在第9世紀,伊拉克陶匠戲劇性地發展出了塗佈金屬釉料在陶器上的技術,這些帶有光澤的圖案器皿廣泛地使用在當時皇室及貴族的宴飲文化之中。而這樣複雜的陶藝技術從伊拉克傳播到了埃及、伊朗以及遠至伊比利半島的穆斯林西班牙,進而傳至歐洲的其他地方。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4g4Ocai11eGlO7or02trE7vzD9Ny587oygieczISsGgS3l6E-wJu5Bv8WRpbf0196Hj3_-sUrxO0lz0VP4lNXvsKPIP5Taa4dq88fHOOGSttfL-5fMmH458s-iE9RDK6NY6ErKKLDW85O/s1024/DSC_1334.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="1024" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4g4Ocai11eGlO7or02trE7vzD9Ny587oygieczISsGgS3l6E-wJu5Bv8WRpbf0196Hj3_-sUrxO0lz0VP4lNXvsKPIP5Taa4dq88fHOOGSttfL-5fMmH458s-iE9RDK6NY6ErKKLDW85O/w400-h284/DSC_1334.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>根據14世紀的一位波斯陶藝家,留下了"反射出紅金的色澤如陽光般閃耀"的句子,顯然他們對於產出這樣的陶器感到非常自豪。下面罐子是公元9世紀<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">阿拔斯帝國</a>的產品,出土的地點約在<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E6%8B%89" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">巴斯拉</a>。<div><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzAvT2JJhtROSLVDCNKn5CRFi2caADEM5ZurDCDXTTFuhvm3d0qwR7GKXVvtFcVOHzzIKgygG9c_KAWUYNMLVK2KxsFiKACLSEqvDNS1K26Ma6Wa07_agUIyzQ1N7kwPlVOBcpa7esOby0/s1024/DSC_1339+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="1024" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzAvT2JJhtROSLVDCNKn5CRFi2caADEM5ZurDCDXTTFuhvm3d0qwR7GKXVvtFcVOHzzIKgygG9c_KAWUYNMLVK2KxsFiKACLSEqvDNS1K26Ma6Wa07_agUIyzQ1N7kwPlVOBcpa7esOby0/w400-h264/DSC_1339+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>罐子上的圖案是一位神秘的女子在整理她的髮辮,這可能是在描繪那個年代生活日常中一個常見的場景。</div><div><br /></div><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.弗利爾-賽克勒美術館解說牌</div><div>2.維基百科<br /><p><br /></p></div></div></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-75401028250155076692020-10-17T10:57:00.001-07:002020-10-17T10:57:33.076-07:00貴族騎馬圖案的彩盤<p>這是另一件法蒂瑪王朝12世紀時期的彩盤,從彩盤中央我們再一次看到馭馬的圖案,因為這位騎士的左邊站著一隻獵鷹,推測他可能騎馬的目的是要出獵。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNIWlqgg9jeQZW9GZ1P6Am_VcGCyu17GBN853rgG5amowzYVSCE1pl1YfysE_rHFmM6w5p49zAmjVK6KuKFCWezOsvbuWf_94h8oHAsFQOMmc3VLGCJW8YiTjNSAQ5Lwj4etMxTNN6EgRZ/s1024/DSC_1335+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="1024" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNIWlqgg9jeQZW9GZ1P6Am_VcGCyu17GBN853rgG5amowzYVSCE1pl1YfysE_rHFmM6w5p49zAmjVK6KuKFCWezOsvbuWf_94h8oHAsFQOMmc3VLGCJW8YiTjNSAQ5Lwj4etMxTNN6EgRZ/w400-h359/DSC_1335+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>我猜測這位騎士可能是一位法蒂瑪的貴族,從他頭上的包巾、穿著的服飾可以推想當時的穿衣風格。騎士清秀的面龐沒有蓄鬍,可能是一位年輕人。盤沿有使用庫法體書寫的銘文。<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglSCCXxL51bda6TUjhr5L2ScMIDkYq91uOdGyU2jbtK1DtCtOlrZ6JZNSsOf3cmDJznzp-o9TBj0V0jnAd7Ahd-BBjb_h65RtauQQ7Wn74s35YnXQu4m-cf39Gp_h0HVpzCLq22GuiH_F4/s1024/DSC_1338+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="623" data-original-width="1024" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglSCCXxL51bda6TUjhr5L2ScMIDkYq91uOdGyU2jbtK1DtCtOlrZ6JZNSsOf3cmDJznzp-o9TBj0V0jnAd7Ahd-BBjb_h65RtauQQ7Wn74s35YnXQu4m-cf39Gp_h0HVpzCLq22GuiH_F4/w400-h244/DSC_1338+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeQ9geCnZyKbjRoGsaZQ-xrHW-Jj1x0AnTLqwIyN6w0X_T-IBkHzDoMxaQy3ghBTKpKCkqC9t5Sg3IOgGCAKweSJPkDCI39ZugD-Cd0vrPXvQwUHEbFBQGEBSHQrvzZ1VH0JYDid_jYJ_X/s1024/DSC_1339+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="1024" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeQ9geCnZyKbjRoGsaZQ-xrHW-Jj1x0AnTLqwIyN6w0X_T-IBkHzDoMxaQy3ghBTKpKCkqC9t5Sg3IOgGCAKweSJPkDCI39ZugD-Cd0vrPXvQwUHEbFBQGEBSHQrvzZ1VH0JYDid_jYJ_X/w400-h263/DSC_1339+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><p>參考資料:</p><p>1.<a href="https://asia.si.edu/object/F1941.12/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">弗利爾-賽克勒美術館網頁</a></p><p>2.<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QIS4zP-Axw&t=99s" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">烏爾里克.哈米斯博士演講:法蒂瑪的世界</a></p>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-84057850284345987192020-10-15T10:49:00.005-07:002020-10-17T01:24:28.447-07:00埃及舞者圖案的陶碗<p>這是一件屬於<a href="https://w.wiki/gxi" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法蒂瑪王朝</a>12世紀的陶碗作品,法蒂瑪王朝(909-1171),古稱綠衣大食,統領北非地區,含阿拉伯半島的西部地區。在碗中央性感的女舞者人物形象是12世紀埃及陶瓷彩繪代表性的圖案,在舞者旁邊還看到了熟悉形式的容器。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD8dEYFaM3xHPSnq1HkZaV4WEeVMm7IUM96FY0hiWno4arfi2Z-ggvSPcEc4IdoftPhLsJKLA-DIO8keFFxLvqpc0l16KCTfw6T75F2iO60AWoRoAsm54Qp_tRZhwlUuZQopqJIZ6a0k35/s1024/DSC_1335+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1019" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD8dEYFaM3xHPSnq1HkZaV4WEeVMm7IUM96FY0hiWno4arfi2Z-ggvSPcEc4IdoftPhLsJKLA-DIO8keFFxLvqpc0l16KCTfw6T75F2iO60AWoRoAsm54Qp_tRZhwlUuZQopqJIZ6a0k35/s320/DSC_1335+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" /></a></div>這個地區這個時期所製造的陶器所使用的陶土比伊拉克早期的陶器所使用的土更為粗糙,但裝飾紋樣更加生動活潑自然。<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisgxj475P95uboBH0hBT4NGfmtyho_KnTCHAVMWfz-_pAOyFPHa3ZDSOwdej8rq7lOfT1pDRe5SFjGZPtQO_NXmVPShMJS13Rx1rRmEyWo3-YlOSzYg_OZRgu4M-pD1366CJXQVIO7fRKd/s990/DSC_1339+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="990" data-original-width="896" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisgxj475P95uboBH0hBT4NGfmtyho_KnTCHAVMWfz-_pAOyFPHa3ZDSOwdej8rq7lOfT1pDRe5SFjGZPtQO_NXmVPShMJS13Rx1rRmEyWo3-YlOSzYg_OZRgu4M-pD1366CJXQVIO7fRKd/s320/DSC_1339+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" /></a></div><div>在盤上有銘文祝幅這件陶碗的主人。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKN78b5yKAsVvSN0S_-oPJjEF8RVPZO_YchNz_tYjNLWHbdQ1Nt_stkLCACEwleRLoDuTQvyiH-cq8K0bly95MtlhsQpMdvbhnn4rKCgcOqtCVNf7y_KrqkFoA0JtK-EzOz7ihGq2vZ591/s1024/DSC_1338+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="927" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKN78b5yKAsVvSN0S_-oPJjEF8RVPZO_YchNz_tYjNLWHbdQ1Nt_stkLCACEwleRLoDuTQvyiH-cq8K0bly95MtlhsQpMdvbhnn4rKCgcOqtCVNf7y_KrqkFoA0JtK-EzOz7ihGq2vZ591/s320/DSC_1338+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" /></a></div>參考資料:<div>1.弗利爾-賽克勒美術館解說牌</div><div>2.<a href="https://asia.si.edu/object/F1946.30/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">弗利爾-賽克勒美術館網頁</a></div><div>3.<a href="https://15minutehistory.org/podcast/episode-61-the-fatimids/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">德州大學15分鐘歷史課程:法蒂瑪藝術</a></div><div>4.維基百科</div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-839340970005961512020-10-11T13:20:00.001-07:002020-10-11T13:20:08.629-07:00印度都市中住宅的窗戶<p>在蒙兀兒帝國時期的印度都市住宅有一種密布窗戶外觀形式的建築稱之為<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haveli" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Haveli</a>(源自阿拉伯語發音Hawali)。博物館展示的這一樘窗戶是當時其中的建築元素。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgagVoo6M-AqbbAqdWTbF9FRSMxtTARuNUJ7pXBYXijiWcSVyzyY8vfWo-sdpdBR-NDP64fxnWfADtNiDOmG_KyBa2ERlzEU1Bk7ti3Mlc_Mep71z53jhqKG1-kSJmZKFefquJwdAyejY68/s1024/DSC_0514+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="624" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgagVoo6M-AqbbAqdWTbF9FRSMxtTARuNUJ7pXBYXijiWcSVyzyY8vfWo-sdpdBR-NDP64fxnWfADtNiDOmG_KyBa2ERlzEU1Bk7ti3Mlc_Mep71z53jhqKG1-kSJmZKFefquJwdAyejY68/w244-h400/DSC_0514+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="244" /></a></div>這一扇窗戶以紅磚石砌成窗框,有用來擋雨排水的屋簷,其中鑲崁木製的窗門。記得之前我在記錄<a href="https://hsiangming.blogspot.com/2018/09/blog-post.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">印度的神祇造像</a>時,看過幾尊以紅色砂岩雕琢而成的,對工匠而言,紅色砂岩是好的雕刻材料,紅色的砂岩也讓人回想起蒙古帝國帳篷的顏色。在蒙兀兒帝國的首府-<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%B3%B0%E8%B5%AB%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法泰赫普爾希克里</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fatehpur Sikri</a>)附近就有可以採集紅砂岩石的地方,大量提供都市宅邸建築所需要的建材。窗戶兩邊有裝飾的柱子,上半部有佈設植物的紋飾,窗台、窗櫺也都雕刻著蒙兀兒帝國時期流行的植物花卉飾紋。<div><br /></div><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.亞洲藝術博物館解說牌</div><div>2.<a href="http://onlinecollection.asianart.org/view/objects/asitem/origin@Northern%20India%20or%20Pakistan/1?t:state:flow=fbfa79e6-4324-49a9-9da4-757442e00cb2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">亞洲藝術博物館網頁</a></div><div>3.維基百科</div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-66681065316361805462020-10-10T23:49:00.003-07:002020-10-10T23:49:38.071-07:00玉火藥筒<p>蒙古人西征路上,除了快速的騎兵之外,善用火藥也是致勝關鍵。這是裝填黑色火藥的容器,製作的時間在公元1700-1800間,發現的地點在印度北邊,屬於蒙兀兒帝國時期的產物。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL7PvCrhs0A3XxRVN6hoYXCEF1N3gFWQUHSyRFLbNgvJlte2VHF4kifcxal7Vf-JL751Q9XxT1kH3EUfN3pH11DXh4as1lGHXQ6aXeGilYEgucjCKtcS0izO3cTmbGXXcHCNcQdqFFsABY/s1014/DSC_0507.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="1014" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL7PvCrhs0A3XxRVN6hoYXCEF1N3gFWQUHSyRFLbNgvJlte2VHF4kifcxal7Vf-JL751Q9XxT1kH3EUfN3pH11DXh4as1lGHXQ6aXeGilYEgucjCKtcS0izO3cTmbGXXcHCNcQdqFFsABY/w400-h258/DSC_0507.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>當時的戰士相信用這些珍貴玉石所製作的火藥筒會幫助他們打勝仗。<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSr50EpRfBl3VLtWQARwy4lG6ozuPJ491kUTJvd7__-VS5NHR0KboKMS06F5dMFGwc2eOHFeuoS_wfa_b75s-rRjbeM60LQ0HdeewiMe9b_lMhnRam4IR_V2AWu89rieD5_38QwsWm-WZV/s920/DSC_0519.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="715" data-original-width="920" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSr50EpRfBl3VLtWQARwy4lG6ozuPJ491kUTJvd7__-VS5NHR0KboKMS06F5dMFGwc2eOHFeuoS_wfa_b75s-rRjbeM60LQ0HdeewiMe9b_lMhnRam4IR_V2AWu89rieD5_38QwsWm-WZV/w400-h311/DSC_0519.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>我不了解這樣的火藥筒的實際操作方式,用關鍵字Google了一下,發現原住民在使用火藥時也會裝填在牛角之中,可是沒有像照片中的玉筒上方還有金屬的構件。在大都會博物館的網頁中有一件象牙雕製的火藥筒,也是蒙兀兒帝國的產品。<div><br /></div><div>參考資料:</div><div>1.亞洲藝術博物館解說牌</div><div>2.<a href="http://onlinecollection.asianart.org/view/objects/asitem/materials@nephrite/581?t:state:flow=9b5d04fe-4f53-4ec7-a2e6-a5ad8b9df0fb" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">亞洲藝術博物館網頁</a></div><div>3.<a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/30360" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">大都會博物館網頁<br /></a><p><br /></p></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-89124613237604996672020-10-10T01:49:00.003-07:002020-10-10T01:49:48.650-07:00對於光的歌頌(Ode to Light)<p> 這是一件阿富汗地區在賽爾柱王朝(公元12世紀)的燭台,主要以金、銀鑲崁銅及雕金工藝(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Repoussé and chasing</a>)的方式製作。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9mhux4AjeDPThcvfEpNRiIh-d39CmvJrAwwLq6Z5D4XX5MnA4Jr4IJAy52foSEPaGHexBUu-l2LthOIw1d4F5DlBkUjWyK8c5W4Xf-MK2E1R-Wa4JAermEMecaQYZ_lYV4nslpatSXsJo/s1024/DSC_1314.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="805" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9mhux4AjeDPThcvfEpNRiIh-d39CmvJrAwwLq6Z5D4XX5MnA4Jr4IJAy52foSEPaGHexBUu-l2LthOIw1d4F5DlBkUjWyK8c5W4Xf-MK2E1R-Wa4JAermEMecaQYZ_lYV4nslpatSXsJo/w315-h400/DSC_1314.JPG" width="315" /></a></div>像這樣大型的燭台是用做宮廷或是貴族的豪邸內的照明。注意圍繞在燭台上緣與下緣的獅子,象徵的是天上的星座--獅子座(Leo),也象徵太陽與光明之所在。<div><br /></div><div>參考資料:弗利爾-賽克勒美術館解說牌<br /><p><br /></p></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5796814911564883893.post-16104881553040524002020-10-09T22:52:00.001-07:002020-10-09T22:53:03.172-07:00仕女像飾紋器皿<p>再打開在賓州大學考古與人類學博物館中記錄的照片,也看到了一件伊朗中世紀的陶盤。比對先前的筆記,盤中仕女的裝飾(頭巾、袍服)、低首的姿態、神情很像在亞州藝術博物館看到的<a href="https://hsiangming.blogspot.com/2020/10/blog-post_33.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">庫巴奇器皿</a>。差別在這一件盤沿沒有像中國青花瓷般的紋飾。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9GaAWDdqUjP5gPxDbm_S8iwtHtRJ9nPvcIzVC7jLGLMq8ksnwD9aNdmc63eF5lYF8b5GKn8TSsMMf-ZAP-MmlCD4uSQwPZg9yrbg9pTLGzj44ZxBMosLVmfc3xpx-eDxp6eh6HehiKJfY/s1024/DSC_0794+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1021" data-original-width="1024" height="399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9GaAWDdqUjP5gPxDbm_S8iwtHtRJ9nPvcIzVC7jLGLMq8ksnwD9aNdmc63eF5lYF8b5GKn8TSsMMf-ZAP-MmlCD4uSQwPZg9yrbg9pTLGzj44ZxBMosLVmfc3xpx-eDxp6eh6HehiKJfY/w400-h399/DSC_0794+-+%25E8%25A4%2587%25E8%25A3%25BD.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>這是16世紀晚期到17世紀中期,卡尚地區的產品。他們在繪製人物及各式各樣的花紋後,再塗佈透明的釉料,所以讓盤子的花色能一直保持色彩及光澤。這些製品在當時的上流階層廣受歡迎,也透過貿易活動傳到外地。<div><br /></div><div>參考資料:賓州大學考古與人類學研究所解說牌</div><div><p><br /></p></div>歷史背包客http://www.blogger.com/profile/03382623575713917643noreply@blogger.com0